Early history of simulation in Europe: scale planetariums and astromorphic models

Abstract

Main idea of this paper is the following: simulation (as tradition and various tools and methods for understanding and representation of knowledge) takes much more significant place in the human history and culture and has essentially longer history, especially in Europe, than it was assumed traditionally. Various forms of graphical modeling of large-scale systems can be considered as typical examples from the early history of the European simulation. Scale planetariums and astromorphic models are the most interesting of them.